Do you find the UN reports argument that family planning is a Essay

Do you find the UN reports argument that family planning is a fundamental human right-and a basis of other rights- convincing - Essay Example Family planning is a right that many countries hold as an important and key agenda. It is central to the development of a healthy nation. Family planning is essential for the health of mothers and their children, gender equality, and quality of education. These elements of a well-functioning society contribute to a reduction in poverty. The fact that many nations in the international community support the furtherance of basic reproductive rights fully is due to the great amount of research and debate. This brings onto the table the issue of individual human rights. Besides, family planning is a human right because it makes education and other opportunities more and easily attainable to both women and their families. In a recent study included in the UN Report, women with access to family planning services gained higher levels of education compared to those without (UN Report, 31). It is dangerous to slip into the assumption that correlation means causation, but there is a definite positive relationship between family planning and higher levels of education among women. Furthermore, the report outlined that not only women benefitted from family planning, but also the families of those women who had access to the service, who also showed higher levels of education (UN Report 3). When families are able to plan the number of children they have, they are able to make financial analysis to ensure that each child has the education they deserve. Family planning is a human right because it aids education and other opportunities for women and their fami lies. The UN states several convincing arguments that detail on the importance and necessity of establishing family planning as a basic human right. UN claims that the freedom to choose one’s own family can reinforce other human rights. In addition, the reproduction right has several layers: it is expressible in â€Å"both freedoms and entitlements including civil, political, economic,

Research on Cost Control and Management of Real Estate Project Essay Example for Free

Research on Cost Control and Management of Real Estate Project Essay This paper takes the cost control and the management of real estate project as the object in research, and analyzes and studies relevant issues. By analyzing the cost structure of real estate construction, this paper identifies problems in cost control and management of real estate construction at present. Along with the fast development of China’s economy, the real estate industry has achieved wonderful successes, pulling economic development significantly, and contributing a lot to China’s economic development. Today, real estate construction assumes more tasks. In 2008, 3,000 billion RMB enters real estate construction. The cost control and regular management of real estate construction turns into the focus. Once the construction cost is out of control, it will lead to a great waste and will bring about more pressures for property management in later. A nice cost control is meaningful for the whole real estate construction project. To realize better cost control and management of real estate construction is important for today’s harmonious society. The cost of real estate construction is composed of four parts. The first part is the land cost, accounting for 30% of the total cost. It mainly refers to cost for building land, greening land, equipped facility land, and property management land. The second part is the construction installation cost, as the main body of real estate construction cost, accounting for 20%-50% of the total cost. Among the construction installation cost, materials cost the most, accounting for 60% of construction installation cost. The third part is the cost for equipments and machines, accounting for 1%-3% of the total cost. This part is mainly for meeting the needs of operations, management, and maintenance. The fourth part is other cost, accounting for more than 15% of the total cost. It is difficult to control this part. It mainly includes the cost for investigation and design, the cost for project supervision, and the cost for infrastructure. In special, the management cost usually surpasses the budget, which is the largest part that is hard to control in real estate construction. The management cost is only accounting for 1% of the total cost. But the absolute amount is large. It is easy for the construction company costing more in management. At present, serious problems exist in the cost control and management of real estate construction. For example, for some real estate construction, the design is earlier than the study of feasibility, which makes the later turn into useless. In bidding, some construction companies perform illegally, which makes the bidding fail to control project cost well. The popularization of assigned subcontracts and various subcontracts serve as potential threats for project quality. The delay for project payment, especially for workers’ wages, is serious. Some projects can not manage the changes of designs. Construction companies fail to follow the designs completely, which may lead to larger costs for construction. Some construction companies emphasize on the control of quality and period but fail to control the cost. All these activities make the cost of real estate construction out of control in China, which is harmful for the sustainable and healthy development of real estate industry . * Fail to Estimate the Project Exactly: Investment estimation is performed at the very beginning, namely in the study of feasibility. Present compilation of study of feasibility is lack of details. No effective items to control the number of project. The estimation has a lower preciseness. Besides, the study of feasibility has no necessary investigation. Some potential geological disasters can not be identified effectively, which leads to the rise of costs. Although some companies make â€Å"details for implement†, the effect is poor. In order to establish the project, some companies may reduce the number of project and decrease costs. * The Compilation of Project Budget Has Poor Reliability: At the stage of design, the investigation is far from sufficient. Some fundamental materials for design are inexact. As a result, the design may be irrational and will be changed significantly in construction, which causes the poor reliability of budget. * Working Drawing Budget is Unpractical: At the working drawing design stage, compile the project budget according to the design. The working drawing budget is to calculate the cost of design. The rationality of working drawing budget is about how to organize the construction and how to reach the design requirements by what kinds of methods, plus how to arrange the construction period, and how to manage workers and machines under different seasons, according to scientific designs. All these tasks are supposed to be arranged by construction companies. For design companies, to compile the budget is unpractical. * Do not Follow Basic Construction Procedures and Cannot Control Costs: For some projects, time is urgent. Therefore, the design is maybe imperfect. And the construction does not follow the basic procedures strictly. Sometimes, the study of feasibility turns into useless papers. As a result, the estimation and the budget cannot control the project cost effectively. * Contract is not Managed Well, Especially for Subcontracts and External Workers: Some real estate developers neglect to manage contracts. They do not follow the terms written in contracts strictly. Besides, some developers cannot calculate the cost of project quantities correctly. They are incapable of managing external workers effectively. * Irregular Management and Many Changes for Project: Real estate developers cannot design properly and have to change the management methods. Or, the execution is weak. They can change the design as will. Then, the scale of project is increasing and the cost is rising. * The Financing Structure is Unreasonable and Depends on One Financing Channel too Much, Which Contributes to the Rise Of Costs: At present, the funds for real estate construction in China are mainly from domestic loans, foreign funds, self-collected by construction companies, and other sources. Although financing ways are few and some are immature, limits are more. Sometimes, funds can not arrive in time. In order to insure the process of project, the construction companies have to apply loans from banks. Therefore, a large proportion of construction funds are from banks as loans. And the credit period is long and cannot match with investment return. The characteristics of real estate industry determine the lagged-behind investment return. One financing channel increases risks and costs, which leads to the accumulation of loan balance in banks, increasing construction costs and pressures for later in operation. * Cost Management is Unscientific. Lack the Idea of Cost Control. System is Imperfect. Management Cost Is High: By auditing lots of projects, we find that management is one of factors that cause overspending. Main items that cause overspending include management fees, compensation fees for removing, and supervision. Main reasons include: Lack a perfect cost control system and cannot manage and control the cost systematically, which makes it hard to identify the out-of-control of cost in time. Lack the idea of cost control and the constraint mechanism. Project managers are always focusing on quality and construction period, but not cost control. The absence of system makes the expenditure more irregular. No integrated standards for management fee are effective. Workers are more than necessary in construction companies.

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Nguyen Ngoc Gia Linh Case Study the Wasp Sting Wasps are the order Hymenoptera family which contain venom and poisonous substance can have transmitted to human through a sting (Carl and Max 2016). A 10- year- old girl in the case was stung by a wasp while playing at school. For approximately 20 hours, she had an asymptomatic that includes sharp pain, burning in the initial sensation, redness, swelling and itching. Because the wasps venom contains phospholipase A, phospholipase B and mastoparan peptide which effect directly to mast cell degranulation and also release of histamine. In addition, ischemia increases the inflammatory response with subsequent vasodilation and increases capillary permeability with redness at the site of the sting to the patient (Carl and Max 2016). Unfortunately, the patient passed away on day 5 due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and hypersensitivity. This report will focus on explanation of the innate immune reaction which can disrupt the normal function of each the several stated physiologi cal systems during the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). An innate immune system is the adaptive immune responses which can be maintained activation of a pathogen and made of defences against infection (KhanAcademy 2014). There are many types of cell in the innate immune system in order to work together for defendant and protection human body. However, the progression requires in both elements of cellular immunity and humoral immunity. The cellular components consist of lymphocytes with both T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and B cells; macrophages; and mast cells. On the other hand, the humoral factors include immunoglobulin E (IgE) and cytokines (Carl and Max 2016). Moreover, the group of blood protein act as disruption of the membranes microorganism to produce an inflammatory response and to arrange the forces of the adaptive immune system (Alberts et al. 2002). In this situation, the most influence is mast cells which are found in mucous membranes, connect tissues to heal wound and defence the pathogens via the inflammatory response. Basically, when mast cells are activated, the particle cytokines are released during this process which contains chemical molecules such as histamine, phospholipases, and neurotoxins to produce an inflammatory cascade and act as messenger service or warning for circulating threats (Zhang and An 2009). Some of the venoms of hymenopterous insects include bees, wasps which contain some of the enzymes such as small proteins and peptides; phospholipases and histamine (Voronov et al. 1999). Histamine is going to play a pathophysiological regulatory role in cellular for binding four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Furthermore, histamine produces many of the effects of inflammatory and hypersensitivity that affect increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction. Some above classic symptoms lead to the signs of allergic reaction which cause inducing increased blood flow from capillaries into the tissues and vasodilatation (Benly 2015). In addition, smooth muscles are arou nd the trachea that is contracted by histamine to make difficulty breathe or suffocation (Lauren 2012). However, the dangerous circumstance with the patient makes lots of IgE antibodies in response to wasp toxins that can cause triggers degranulation of mast cells. In such a case, the release blood fluid into the tissues reduces the blood volume that the heart induces inefficiently pump and create a heart attack. The innate immune response such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome-SIRS disrupts the homeostatic function of following three main systems that include respiratory system, cardiovascular system and renal system. Firstly, a girl patient was diagnosed with SIRS that include reference to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung injury (ALI). ALI and ARDS occur on hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis and pulmonary hypertension. These were defined a pulmonary endothelial dysfunction that caused alveolar oedema because of high protein secretion and phagocytic immune cells (Janet et al. 2014). The activity of neutrophils are increased the high concentrations of pro- inflammatory cytokines to migrate damaged endothelium that influence alveolar denudation damage the basal membrane (Janet et al. 2014). Neutrophils are in the lungs which effect of IL-8 and the concentration of cytokine in patients with ARDS is correlated with mortality. Blood carries oxygen and other essential substances to your organs and tissues. However, when the gas exchange functions are failed in oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination, these are classified hypoxia and hypercapnia. Hypoxia is characterised by an arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) which is lower than 60 mm Hg. Hypercapnia respiratory failure is characterized by a PaCO2 that is higher than 50 mm Hg (David 2000). On the other hand, the decreased blood supply to various cells and tissues due to tissues hypoxia that leads increase in respiratory rate to take in more oxygen. Consequently, the patient was increased respiratory rate of 59 breaths per minute (normally breath rate is 15- 30 breaths per minute with 6- 10 years old) (Edward 2015). Normally, the blood oxygen saturation is 95%- 100%, but the patient got below 90% oxygen. There must not be able to take up the oxygen for inhaling and carbon dioxide for exhaling. In addition, the lungs in ARDS also affect to brain functions that the patient becomes confused and disor iented. In this conditions, concentrating ability are impaired and it also lost awareness of time and place because blood flow significantly reduce and the ability of oxygen absorption is also limited. In this case, the girl administrated of chlorpheniramine maleate which had some of the side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, or headache. Moreover, certain human disorders are attributed to the activity of the immune system that is commonly known as hypersensitivities. Both the heart and blood vessels are sensitive to cause vasodilatation in SIRS that act on histamine H1-receptors of dilation in blood vessels. In hypovolemia, tachycardia is initiated as a response in acting on H2- receptors where the blood volume decreases (Benly 2015).When the patient suffers around 124 beats per minute in heart rate and the vasoconstriction decrease which is moderate tachycardia or known as stage 3 of hypovolemic shock. As a result, the patients exhibited a weak peripheral pulse and an unrecordable blood pressure because the ventricles do not have enough time to fill with blood before heart contracts. In systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), organ dysfunction and high- risk factors for multiple organ failures influent renal failure. The circulatory dysfunction of acute renal failure is involved both vascular and tubular factor that reduce in renal blood flow with falling oxygen and substrate delivery to the tubule cells (Robert et al. 2004). On the other hand, the creatinine will be released by the muscle cells and transported to the kidneys to be excreted from the body in urine. The kidney failure causes high urinary creatinine level and obstructions within the urinary tract. Base on all the symptoms, the girl is immediate hypersensitivities, which is severe response to an antigen. Sensitization to an allergen during the initial exposure leads to the production of large immunoglobulin E (IgE) which is mediated release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils (Frederic et al. 2015). Moreover, the patient used two kinds of drugs: chlorpheniramine maleate and dexamethasone, which did not work with patients symptoms. Chlorpheniramine maleate is the most widely used of the classical antihistamine that used in allergic reactions. And, dexamethasone is investigated that the effect of glucocorticoids and blocked a natural chemical during an allergic rejection. However, hypersensitivity is a contraindication in both dexamethasone and chlorpheniramine maleate, so the patient should not take these when she has serious symptoms (TabletWise). Basically, there is no cure for hypersensitivity disease but the treatment strategy is controlling the symptom. Although type I hypersensitivity reactions can cause significantly inconvenience in terms of their signs and symptoms. However, the most important medication has been shown to use along with emergency medical treatment of hypersensitivity that is epinephrine (Becky 2015). Epinephrine is in a class of medications called ÃŽÂ ±- and ÃŽÂ ²-adrenergic agonists which it works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and tightening the blood vessels. Normally, it is injected at the first sign of a serious reaction subcutaneously (under the skin) or intramuscularly (into the muscle). It should inject when patient is suspected about some serious signs of allergic reaction include itching, swelling, skin redness, fast heart beat, weak pulse, confusion, and losing control of urine (Epinephrine Injection). References: Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., et al. (2002) Innate Immunity. in Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. [online] available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26846/ > [22 March 2016] Benly, P. (2015) Role of Histamine in Acute Inflammation Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research [online] avalible from http://www.jpsr.pharmainfo.in/Documents/Volumes/vol7Issue06/jpsr07061526.pdf > [22 March 2016] Becky, B. (2015) Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Treatment Management. Medscape [online] available from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/136217-treatment > [22 March 2016] Carl, A., and Max, V. (2016) Wasp Stings: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology. Medscape.com. [online] available from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/169324-overview#a6 > [22 March 2016] Edward, C. (2015) Normal Vital Signs Medscape [online] available from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172054-overview > [22 March 2016] Innate immunity (2014) KhanAcademy [online] available from https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity > [22 March 2016] Janet, M., Mark, J., Yen, C., Antonio, B., Karim, B., Elizabeth, J., Leo, K., Paul, K., Richard, J. (2014) The systemic immune response to trauma: an overview of pathophysiology and treatment. The Lancet [online] available from http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60687-5/fulltext > [22 March 2016] Zhang, J and An, J. (2009) Cytokines, Inflammation and Pain. HHS Public Access [online] available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785020/ > [22 March 2016]

Free Great Gatsby Essays: The Truly Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Truly Great Gatsby Is his novel the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald creates Gatsby as a character who becomes great. He begins life as just an ordinary, lower-class, citizen. But Gatsby has a dream of becoming wealthy. After meeting Daisy, he has a reason to strive to become prominent. Throughout his life, Gatsby gains the title of truly being great. Even before Gatsby is introduced, he is hinted at being out of the ordinary. The first evidence of this is when Nick says, "Gatsby turned out all right at the end." (2) Nothing was known about Gatsby at the time and Nick is already saying Gatsby was okay. There's a air of mysteriousness surrounding Gatsby. Everyone knows of him, but no one knows who he really is or where he comes from. Even at our first glance of Gatsby, he's reaching out for something only he can see. There were many stories flying about Gatsby but no one knew what to really believe. In on instance Jordan made the comment, "I think he killed a man." (49) Even when Gatsby confessed about his past he didn't always tell the truth. He told Nick he inherited great wealth, but in reality, Gatsby gained his wealth on his own. Even though Gatsby lied, the fact that he made himself what he was makes him even that much greater. When Gatsby was still James Gatz, he had a dream of leaving his life on the farm behind and become part of the upper-class. Even Gatsby's father knew when he said, "If he'd lived, he'd of been a great man." (169) Little did his father know that Gatsby was already great. Gatsby didn't always do the right thing to gain his wealth but he was always good at heart. His first real break in the outside world was when he met his best friend Dan Cody. Gatsby was seventeen at the time and had just left his life on the farm. Cody was a wealthy man of fifty and he showed Gatsby the ways of the world. It was said that Cody found Gatsby to be " ... quick and extravagantly ambitious." (101) He took Gatsby in and treated him almost as a son. Gatsby was to inherit some of Cody's wealth after his death but was stripped of his inheritance by Ella Kaye.

Progress and development in communication system Essay

The objective of the study are: To know if people are aware of the progress and development in communication system. To know how can people absorb the rapid change of technologies that affects our communication with other people and making more easy. To let people know how communication affects the fast growing of technologies. Significance of the study: Most of us already have our own mobile phones, it is essential to our everyday life and as time goes by, things have been changing, so it is important for us to know how our technologies changing, how are we affected by these changes, how can this developments improve our social life. Life has been improving because of technology and studying this human invention may improve our life even better. We have the right to know what are the new inventions that are being made to sell out to people. It is important for us to know what are the most advanced technologies that we can use on these days. Limitation of the study We are limiting this study for Engineering students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Laguna, for both male and female from first year college to higher years, age 16 years old and above with smart mobile phones used for communicating others. Structure and Rationale of the problem Although mobile phones have taken over our current society, they have been around for several decades in some form or another. The first mobile phones, referred to as First Generation or 1G, were introduced to the public market in 1983 by the Motorola Company.

Spanish Gerund Following Verbs Other Than Estar

Spanish Gerund Following Verbs Other Than Estar The Spanish gerund - the verb form ending in -ando or -iendo - is used frequently with forms of estar to form the progressive tenses. However, it can also be used with other verbs, sometimes with meanings that are similar to the progressive tenses. Verbs Often Used With the Gerund Here are some of the most common verbs that can be followed by the gerund: Seguir or Continuar These verbs typically mean to keep on or to continue. With this usage, the two verbs are generally interchangeable with little difference in meaning. Sony sigue hablando mal del plasma, mientras sigue lanzando televisores LCD. (Sony keeps on speaking poorly of plasma while it keeps on releasing LCD televisions.)Venezuela continuar comprando cemento cubano. (Venezuela will keep on buying Cuban cement.)Muchas veces seguimos durmiendo ms de lo que deberà ­amos. (Many times we continue sleeping longer than we should.)Las cuatro continuaban peleando y un hombre que se movilizaba en una motocicleta aprovechà ³ para robarles. (The four kept on fighting and a man on a motorcycle took advantage of the situation to rob them.) Andar Although standing alone andar typically means to walk, when followed by a gerund it means roughly the same as to go around doing something in a rather pointless or unproductive fashion. If youre translating to English, the translation can vary considerably with context. Andar generally has a negative connotation when used this way. Descubrà ­ el foro porque andaba navegando en Internet. (I discovered the forum because I was browsing around the Internet.)Katy anda comiendo todo el dà ­a. (Katy goes around eating all day.)Tà º sabes que todos andamos buscando una vida que satisfaga. (You know that all of us spend our time looking for a satisfying life.) Ir Sometimes, ir is used in the same way as andar, above. But it usually doesnt have the negative connotation. In fact, it usually suggests that the action in progress is proceeding gradually or steadily. Again, translations of ir followed by the Spanish gerund can vary with the context. Vamos estudiando mejor la situacià ³n real del pueblo. (We are coming to study better the real situation of the people.)Fueron comprando trozo a trozo el terreno durante un proceso de unos quince aà ±os ms o menos. (They went about buying the land one piece at a time during a process that lasted 15 years more or less.)Los estudiantes van ganando influencia. (The students are steadily gaining influence.) Venir Followed with a gerund, venir often refers to something that has been occurring for a long time and is still continuing. It sometimes conveys frustration that the action isnt complete. As in the first two examples below, it is often used to indicate how long something has been occurring. En los à ºltimos aà ±os, se viene hablando de liderazgo. (In recent years, much has been spoken about leadership.)Hace seis meses que viene probando suerte como modelo en Parà ­s. (For the past six months she has been trying her luck as a model in Paris.)Vienen diciendome que no soy normal. (They have been telling me that Im not normal.) Following Other Verbs With Gerunds In general, most verbs can be followed by a gerund as a way of indicating how the first verbs action in performed. In effect, the gerund functions much as an adverb. In many cases, sentences using a gerund in this way cant be translated word for word.. A few examples: Empezamos escuchando y terminamos entendiendo todo. (We begin by listening and finish by understanding everything.)De pronto nos encontramos escribiendo una nueva historia. (Suddenly we found ourselves writing a new story.)Antonio miraba estudiando todos mis movimientos. (Antonio watched me, studying all of my movements.)Buscamos en su Instagram unos fotos donde aparezcas sonriendo. (We are searching on your Instagram feed for photos where you appear to be smiling.)  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¡Ella perdià ³ 12 kilos bebiendo este jugo milagroso!! (She lost 12 kilograms by drinking this miracle juice!) Key Takeaways The gerund is used most often with estar to form the progressive or continuous tenses.It can also be used with several other verbs, among them seguir and continuar, to convey an idea similar to a progressive tense.In other situations, the gerund can function much like an adverb in modifying or explaining the meaning of another verb.

Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essays

Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essays Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essay Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essay A type of memory chip that can be erased by removing it from the circuit and exposing it to Expert system A software package that acts as a consultant or expert to the user. It is expert in a specialized application or area and provides assistance to the user in solving problems in that area. Feasibility study In-depth study of an application area for the purpose of establishing whether automation would be cost effective. In general, the expected benefits should exceed the combined cost of installing the computer and developing the system. Field (1) A section off record containing data relating to one attribute of an entity. 2) Part of a machine instruction containing an operation or address. Floppy disk A flexible magnetic coated disk, commonly used with microcomputers, on which data can be stored magnetically. Font A family or collection of characters (letters, EX. 30/G/SLYLY 08 49 and special characters) of a particular size and style. Fourth generation A computer programming lang uage which allows the program to specify language (GEL)what is to be achieved rather than how it is to be achieved. For example, database languages. Half duplex A transmission system that allows data to be transmitted in one direction at a time. That is the system can transmit and receive data but not at the same time. Hard disk Hardware Home page HTML HTTP A rigid disk used for storing data magnetically. Its rigid construction allows for higher storage densities. Access times for a hard disk are much faster than for floppy disks. The physical components of a computer system such as the Central Processing Unit (CUP]), memory, input, output, and storage devices. The file available for access at a web site intended chiefly to greet visitors, provide information about the site, and direct them to other sites with related information. Hyper Text Markup Language. A markup language used to structure text and multimedia documents used extensively on the World Wide Web. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. A protocol used to request and transmit files, especially Web pages and Web page components, over the Internet or other computer network. DID interface is an interface for mass storage devices, in which the controller is integrated into the disk or CD-ROOM drive. Immediate access storage The memory within the central processor. Also referred to as internal use or main store. Indiscriminating secondary file which contains pointers to items in an associated database file and allows rapid location of records in the file. Information Meaningful knowledge produced from raw data files. Information retrieval The process of retrieving specific information from data files. Integrated package This package combines several applications in a suite of programs. Most EX. 30/G/SLYLY 08 50 of these packages combine a word processor; spreadsheet and database program. Data are shared easily between these integrated programs. Internet The Internet is the largest computer network system in the world. It consists of many smaller networks connected together by a global public network. The Internet is often called the information superhighway or cyberspace. Intranet An intranet is a private network that belongs to an organization, and is designed authorization When part of an intranet is made accessible to customers, partners, suppliers, or others outside the company, that part is called an extranet. Interpreter A computer program which interactively translates and executes a source program without permanently storing any executable code. Invoke Process of starting up a program by using its name (or selecting its icon). Joystick An input device that uses a lever to control movement of the cursor or graphic images. Justification This is the adjustment of alignment of one or more lines of text with a particular margin, for example, alignment with the left margin, the right margin or both. The term Justification often is used to refer to full justification of the alignment of text along both margins. Keyboarding The process of rapidly and accurately entering data into a computer the keyboard as an input device. Key-to-disk Keyboard entry of data directly to magnetic disk without previous preparation on another medium. Kilobyte One thousand and Twenty-four bytes. LANA Acronym for Local Area Network. A type of computer network where two or more computers are directly linked within a small area such as a room or building site. A common characteristic of this system is that computers are linked by direct cables rather than by telecommunication lines. The presence or absence of light. It is used to select an entry or indicate a position. Magnetic disk A Mylar (floppy disk) or metallic (hard disk) circular plate on which EX. 30/G/SLYLY 08 51 electronic data can be stored magnetically. Suitable for direct or random access data storage and retrieval. Mail-merge A facility found in full fledged Wordinesss programs that draws information from a database, usually a mailing list, to print multiple copies of a document. Each copy contains some common text but each bearing different addresses. Main-memory See immediate access storage. Mainframe A large-scale computer with a variety of peripheral devices, a large amount of backing store and a fast CUP]. The term is often used in comparison with a smaller or subordinate computer. It should be noted